World Journal of Dental Excellence is an official bi-annual publication of Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences. It is a Peer-reviewed journal that publishes original papers of the highest quality and scientific content on all the aspects of dentistry to support practice, education and research. The journal provides a platform to bring out research work and practice oriented skills and provides the latest information on the advancements in the field. It is published on the website in an electronic format. The journal accepts original research, systematic Review articles/ meta-analysis, case reports, case series, short communication and letter to editor from all the specialities of Dentistry and allied subjects. The journal focuses on cutting edge research, novel and innovative scientific content, specialized area like areas of Artificial Intelligence and genetics.
Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru.
Porphyromonas gingivalis : Biology, virulence factors, and clinical importance in periodontal and coronary artery diseases
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacterium long recognized as a principal periodontal pathogen and a keystone species in dysbiotic oral biofilms. Its capacity to colonize the subgingival niche, subvert host defenses, and persist in the periodontal pocket is mediated by a diverse arsenal of virulence determinants — notably gingipain proteases, fimbriae, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs), capsule, and iron/heme-acquisition systems. These factors drive tissue destruction, chronic inflammation, and alveolar bone resorption characteristic of periodontitis, and increasingly implicate P. gingivalis in a range of systemic conditions. The microbial count of P. gingivalis is significantly higher in periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals, with studies showing average counts of around 4.68±3.99×105 cells in periodontitis patients. This article reviews the organism’s microbiology, key virulence mechanisms, pathogenic processes in periodontal disease, and the clinical implications for diagnosis, management, and systemic health.
Copyright (c) 2026 World Journal of Dental Excellence
Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases affecting children worldwide, particularly among high‐risk populations. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has emerged as an effective, non‐invasive, and cost‐efficient therapeutic agent for the prevention and arrest of dental caries. SDF is an alkaline solution containing silver, fluoride, and ammonia, each contributing to its unique properties. Silver provides potent antimicrobial action by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting metabolic processes, and reducing cariogenic biofilm formation. Fluoride promotes remineralization by forming fluorohydroxyapatite, while ammonia stabilises the solution and maintains its effectiveness. SDF has broad antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria, periodontal pathogens, and fungal species, and also protects both inorganic and organic components of tooth structure. Its clinical application is simple, painless, and particularly beneficial in pediatric patients, individuals with special healthcare needs, and those with limited access to dental care. Despite disadvantages such as black staining of treated lesions and lack of restorative function, its advantages, including safety, affordability, ease of use, and effectiveness in caries arrest, make it an important tool in modern minimally invasive dentistry. This review highlights the composition, mechanism of action, clinical applications, advantages, and limitations, highlighting its significant role in caries management and prevention.
Attachments In Removable Prosthodontics : A Comprehensive Review
Precision attachments represent a vital mechanical link between fixed and removable prosthodontics, serving as direct retainers that provide fixation, retention, and stabilization for dental prostheses. Historically advanced by pioneers like Dr. Herman Chayes, these systems consist of a metal receptacle (matrix) and a closely fitting part (patrix) manufactured to precise tolerances. They are primarily indicated for enhancing esthetics in the smile zone by eliminating visible clasp assemblies, as well as for redistributing functional forces and managing non-parallel abutments. Attachments are classified based on their fabrication method (precision vs. semi-precision), relationship to abutments (intra-coronal, extra-coronal, radicular, or bar types), and functional movement (rigid vs. resilient). Rigid attachments are typically utilized in tooth-borne, bounded saddle situations, while resilient designs permit controlled movement to protect abutment teeth in distal extension cases. Retention is achieved through frictional, mechanical, or magnetic means. Despite advantages such as improved stability, axial force transmission, and psychological patient acceptance, these systems require high technical expertise and meticulous oral hygiene. They are contraindicated in patients with poor manual dexterity, severe periodontitis, or high caries rates. Long-term success relies on appropriate case selection, sound biomechanical planning, and regular professional maintenance to monitor component wear. Ultimately, precision attachments offer a sophisticated alternative to conventional RPDs, fostering both functional efficiency and emotional stability for the patient.
Sexual Misconduct in Dentistry : A Call for Systemic Change and Cultural Accountability
Background: Sexual misconduct represents a profound breach of professional ethics and a significant threat to practitioner and patient wellbeing. While increasingly acknowledged in healthcare, its specific manifestations and impacts within dentistry remain inadequately characterized and addressed. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes current literature to map the landscape of sexual misconduct in dental settings. It examines prevalence data across professional roles, identifies contributing factors, outlines consequences, and evaluates existing barriers to reporting and intervention. Results: Evidence indicates that sexual misconduct is a pervasive issue in dentistry, with dental hygienists and students being at highest risk. Prevalence rates vary widely (5%-86%), influenced by professional hierarchy and gender dynamics. Key facilitators include significant power imbalances, informal workplace cultures, and profoundly ineffective reporting mechanisms. The consequences are severe, encompassing psychological trauma, professional disengagement, and erosion of public trust. A critical gap exists in evidence-based interventions. Conclusion: The dental profession requires an urgent, multi-faceted response to sexual misconduct. This must include the development of robust, transparent policies; mandatory, scenario-based training for all staff; the establishment of trusted, accessible reporting systems; and a foundational cultural shift towards zero tolerance and accountability. Future research must prioritize qualitative insights, intervention efficacy, and the underrepresented perspective of patients.
Virtual and Augmented Reality in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : A Narrative Review
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies. This has led to the creation of various VR/AR devices such as head‐mounted displays, other haptic devices, and AR headsets. In the field of oral and cranio‐maxillofacial surgery, AR appli‐ cations are becoming increasingly popular and widely adopted. The availability of surgery‐specific head‐mounted devices that ensure the accuracy required for surgical tasks and optimal ergonomics may encourage the widespread use of AR systems in the operating room.
Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma – A Diagnostic Enigma : A Case Report
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common epithelial malignant neoplasm that affects the oral cavity; It is often misdiagnosed because of its variable and innocuous clinical appearance. Carcinomas of the gingiva are a unique subset of OSCC, accounting for approximately 10% of OSCCs. This lesion can mimic a multitude of oral lesions especially those of inflammatory origin with benign features and can lead to delay in the diagnosis and hence delayed treatment. This is a case report with follow up of a 65‐year old female patient who came to the department with chief complaint of pain and mobility in the left upper back region of the jaw since one week. On intraoral examination, a single proliferative growth present with respect to buccal, marginal and attached gingiva of 28. On palpation the growth is non‐tender, firm in consistency and margins are irregular and fixed to the underlying tissue. Diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically.
Endodontic management of mandibular premolars with aberrant root canal morphology : Case Series
Background: Intricate research into the internal anatomy of teeth has revealed myriad variations in root canal configurations. The mandibular premolar’s root canal system is one such tooth with complexities that usually requires special management skills in root canal treatment. Proper knowledge of the root canal anatomy, diligent radiographic interpretation and clinical inspection is essential for successful root canal treatment of the mandibular premolars. Skillful and specific root canal preparation and obturating techniques are usually needed. Methods: This paper reports two unusual cases of atypical root canal morphologies in mandibular premolars. The first case is a mandibular first premolar with Vertucci type V configuration and the second case is a mandibular second premolar with C shaped root canal both of which were successfully managed endodontically. Results: The use of CBCT (Cone beam computed tomography) and magnification has greatly helped in diagnosis and management of these cases. Conclusion: The case series describes the morphological variations found in mandibular premolars which were diagnosed and managed with the help of diagnostic aids like CBCT and dental operating microscope for the success of endodontic therapy.
Occurrence of Malocclusion and Its Relationship with Happiness and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among 12-Year-Old Students in Government Schools of Bangalore South- A Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Introduction: Optimal occlusion plays a vital role in ensuring efficient chewing, clear speech, and balanced facial aesthetics. Malocclusion, a widespread dental condition, is increasingly recognized as a public health issue due to its significant impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). However, its relationship with children’s overall well-being remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and examine its association with OHRQoL and happiness among 12-year-old students attending government schools in Bangalore South. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,059 twelve-year-old students enrolled in government schools across Bangalore South. Clinical assessments were performed using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) to evaluate malocclusion. Self-administered, validated questionnaires were used to measure oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and perceived happiness. Statistical analyses were applied to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and explore its associations with OHRQoL and happiness levels via SPSS. Results: Malocclusion prevalence was 50.4%, with common concerns including bad breath (36.7%), tooth pain (23.8%), and bleeding gums (50%). Functional limitations affected chewing (31.4%), speech clarity (21.1%), and breathing (18.7%). Emotional distress was evident, with 60.5% feeling upset and 39.5% experiencing shyness. Social consequences included school absenteeism (18.4%), peer teasing (23.7%), and limited participation in activities (29.2%). The happiness scale indicated that 57.7% reported lower overall happiness and 40.3% felt less happy than their peers. Conclusion: Malocclusion significantly compromises OHRQoL and psychological well-being, leading to diminished happiness. The high prevalence underscores the need for early intervention and school-based dental health programs to enhance children’s quality of life.
Comparative Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effect of Different Intracanal Medicaments on Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla - A Cell Culture Study
Background: Regenerative endodontics involves biologically driven techniques aimed at restoring compromised tissues, such as dentin, root structures, and the cellular components of the pulp–dentin complex. The effectiveness of these procedures largely relies on the viability of stem cells. Antibiotic pastes used for microbial elimination are often limited in concentration due to their potential toxicity to stem cells, while lower concentrations raise concerns regarding efficacy. Phytomedicines have been used extensively due to their efficacy and fewer adverse effects. Carnosic acid is one such phytomedicine which has proven to have a good effect against degenerative diseases because of their good regenerative potential. Moreover, studies have shown carnosic acid having better disinfection capacity than triple antibiotic pastes (TAP) as intracanal medicament. However, its regenerative potential in endodontics is yet to be known. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity of carnosic acid on SCAPs from permanent human teeth in comparison with triple antibiotic paste. Objective: To evaluate and compare the cytotoxic effect of carnosic acid on stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) of permanent human teeth Methodology: Stem cells removed from immature teeth were cultivated. After cultivation and third cell passage, modified TAP (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin) and carnosic acid were placed in cell culture medium. After 1 and 3 days, cell viability in the culture medium was assessed using MTT method ([4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and ELISA (Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Results: Carnosic acid has shown more stem cells viability and hence is less cytotoxic than mTAP. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that Carnosic acid has a lower cytotoxic effect on the SCAPs than mTAP. Hence, its use as ICM in regenerative endodontics looks promising. However, further clinical studies are required.
Developing and validating a machine learning system for Orthodontic treatment planning - A descriptive study
Background : The success of any orthodontic treatment involves a robust clinical examination along with a comprehensive treatment planning that involves a combination of various essential factors. Orthodontic treatment is a long‐term procedure and accurate diagnosis and treatment planning forms the essence of successful orthodontic treatment. The advent of AI (artificial intelligence) has revolutionized dentistry and can prove to be a valuable tool in orthodontic treatment planning. Hence the objective of this study was to construct a machine learning predictive model for orthodontic treatment planning and correlate the treatment plan prediction of the model to treatment plan decided by expert Orthodontists. Methodology: The sample consisted of 650 case records of orthodontically treated patients satisfying inclusion criteria. The data was split into a training and a test set. The input layer of variables consisted of parameters that most commonly determine the diagnosis and treatment planning of the patient. The output layer comprised of various modes of treatment. The test set was used to check for the efficacy of the ML predicted treatment plan and compared to that of the decision made by the expert Orthodontists. Results: The ML models were trained and the accuracy for Treatment predictive models was deduced. The algorithm Random Forest provided the best results and was used as the predictive model for Treatment planning. This model showed an accuracy of 94.53% and an F1 score of 96.75% for treatment objectives. Conclusion: The use of an automated machine learning system allows the generation of orthodontic treatment predictive models.
Statistics is defined as the science of collecting, compiling, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to ensure research findings are implementable in curative or public health. This editorial, the first in a biostatistics series, outlines the critical framework for planning data collection based on study design, categorized into experimental and observational approaches. Experimental designs range from pre-experimental and quasi-experimental to true experimental studies, such as dental in-vitro research, which utilizes the three principles of randomization, local control, and replication to establish cause-and-effect relationships. For observational quantitative studies, the focus is on developing validated questionnaires that must undergo rigorous validation—including content, construct, face, and criterion validity—and demonstrate internal consistency, typically measured by a Cronbach’s Alpha score greater than 0.7. Data collection methods vary from direct oral interviews to digital Google forms, each presenting unique limitations such as high dropout rates or Berksonian bias. Furthermore, the editorial details the importance of variables and scales of measurement—Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio—which dictate the appropriate first-line statistical analysis, such as mean and standard deviation for quantitative data or proportions for qualitative data. Establishing these foundational statistical principles is vital for researchers to arrive at valid inferences in dental science.
Attrition As A Risk Factor In Interdental Papillary Health
Background: The interdental papilla that occupies the gingival embrasure plays a crucial role in maintaining the gingival health as it acts as a biological barrier and protects the underlying periodontal structures from microbial invasion and also has an important role in phonetics and aesthetics. The health of interdental papilla is influenced by various factors and dental attrition which is seen to have a high prevalence rate also influences the papillary health. Objective: To assess the relation and correlation between attrition and interdental papillary health. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted and data was collected from 55 samples. The participants were assessed clinically for Plaque Index, Sulcus Bleeding Index, Papilla Presence Index and Hooper et al.'s classification for tooth wear. The data was then subjected to statistical analysis and results were obtained. Results: The Plaque Index (P = 0.0041), Sulcus Bleeding Index (P < 0.0001) and Papillary Presence Index (P < 0.0001) was found to be positively correlated with the tooth wear index. Conclusion: As observed from this study, a positive correlation was found between tooth wear, Plaque Index, Sulcus Bleeding Index and Papilla Presence Index, hence is suggestive of a risk factor for periodontal health.
Copyright (c) 2025 World Journal of Dental Excellence
An Atypical Chauffeur: Tongue Driven Wheelchair
The human body is a machine that enables living and performing various task. Once the functional ability is lost a vital part of life will be compromised. The loss of function may be due to various causes and can be unilateral/bilateral which can be localized to a part or generalized. Various wheelchairs currently available in the market uses electrically powered wheelchairs to allow individuals to complete daily tasks with greater independence and community environments. One of the newer concept in this area is a tongue driven wheelchair system. The tongue as an operating system can be beneficial because unlike the feet and hands, which are connected by brain through spinal cord, the tongue and brain has a direct connection through cranial nerve that generally escapes damage in severe spinal cord injuries or neuromuscular disease. Tongue being a strong muscle provides faster and accurate movements that do not require much concentration or effort. Paralyzed patients can move around independently with the tongue driven wheelchairs creating a huge demand for this assistive technology in future. Further research in the field can make mobility far more accessible to people who are facing various challenges.
To Evaluate Knowledge Awareness and Outlook Regarding Teledentistry Among Dentists in Bangalore
A rapidly developing country like India still has to face the problems of lack of availability of access to medical and dental care even today. With rapid digitalization happening all across the globe, the idea of using it to clear the gap between the patient and the dentist is a new revolution in the field of telemedicine. This article evaluates the awareness and outlook of dentists in south Bangalore concerning teledentistry. It also includes a discussion based on different questions and how dentists from different specialties and age groups answered them. We can conclude with this article, that, teledentistry is a very viable option for oral health care for those who have difficulty accessing it and that dentists are very open to accepting and adopting it.
Oral cancer poses a significant health challenge in India, which harbors the largest burden globally. With an alarming rise in cases predicted by GLOBOCAN, effective management is hindered by prevalent myths and misconceptions. This article explores common myths surrounding oral cancer, such as its association solely with smoking or age, and dispels these misconceptions through evidence-based insights. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and challenges the notion that oral cancer is easily identifiable, stressing the need for regular screenings. By debunking myths through education and awareness, this paper advocates for proactive measures to improve oral cancer outcomes in India and beyond.
Early Detection of Cancer Health Education
Graphene-based materials have high mechanical, physiochemical, antibacterial, and stem cell differentiating properties and thus been shown to have advantageous properties in biomedical and dental applications due to their versatility. Although graphene-based materials have displayed great advantages in augmenting the functioning of many dental materials, little research has been per-formed to specifically test the biocompatibility of graphene for dental applications. As compared to the body, the oral environment varies greatly and must be considered when evaluating biocompatibility requirements for dental applications. This review will discuss in-vitro and in-vivo studies that assess graphene's cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and the various applications of graphene in the field of dentistry to evaluate the overall biocompatibility and use of graphene-based materials for dental applications.
Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular 1st Molar-Unravel the Hidden Anatomy
Endodontic treatment of mandibular molars is challenging because of variable root canal morphology. Thorough knowledge of the internal dental morphology is extremely important for effective cleaning and shaping the root canal system. The possibility of additional canals, should be explored with the aid of technologies such as magnification and illumination among others. Clinicians experience has also shown to be a key factor in negotiation and management of these aberrant canal configurations. This case report presents the treatment of a mandibular first molar with five root canals, of which three were located in the mesial root. A third canal was found between the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual root canals
Treatment of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea using Orthodontic-Surgical Approach
In the treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion due to retrognathic mandible, the airway should be considered for the progress and outcome of the treatment. Here we present a case of 30 year old male patient having convex profile with potentially incompetent lips, class II skeletal base with maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar protrusion, crowding in the maxillary and mandibular arch. He had nocturnal choking, difficulty in breathing while lying down and snoring suggestive of obstructive sleep apnoea. The treatment involved orthodontic-surgical intervention to correct the Obstructive Sleep Apnoea. Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) advancement of 8mm and ge-nioplasty of 4mm was done. The post operative orthodontic treatment included settling the bite, monitoring the relapse, and managing the dental space for future.
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA); Class 2 Malocclusion; Hyperdivergent Facial Type; Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BSSO)
Aesthetic Management of Anterior Midline Diastema with Direct Resin Composites - A Case Report
Midline diastema is a common complaint in patients seeking aesthetic dental procedures. The max-illa has shown to have a higher prevalence of midline diastema than mandible. Various physiological and pathological factors can lead to midline diastema. These include the presence of a high labial fre-nal attachment, microdontia, habits such as finger sucking, tongue thrusting, or lip sucking, dental malformations, dental-skeletal discrepancies, and imperfect coalescence of the interdental septum. Selection of the technique and material for an effective treatment are usually dictated by time, phys-ical, psychological and economical limitations of the patient. Direct composite resins in diastema cases allow dentist and patient complete control of these limitations and formation of an aestheti-cally pleasing and natural smile. This article presents the aesthetic rehabilitation of anterior midline diastema with direct composite resin using the putty index technique.
Revolutionizing Oral Cancer Detection: Fusing the Power of Light and AI for Early Diagnosis
Early detection and accurate diagnosis of oral cancer are critical for improving patient prognosis. However, current screening methods often fail to identify all lesions, highlighting the need for more effective approaches. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), an advanced optical imaging technology, shows promise in detecting malignant cells. OCT images require specialized interpretation due to their detailed information. Artificial Intelligence (AI), leveraging trained algorithms, can analyze imperceptible variations, overcoming barriers that have delayed OCT integration into oral cancer screening. This review explores OCT's depiction of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions and discusses AI's role in enhancing detection and diagnosis.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Various Concentrations of Raisin Extract against Streptococcus Mutans: An In-Vitro Study
Background: Dental caries is one of the most common and costly diseases in the world. Although dental caries is rarely life threatening, it is a major problem for health service providers. S. mutans is considered as the pioneer organism in dental caries. Fruits like grapes and pomegranate have been found effective against S. mutans. Objectives: To find out minimum inhibitory concentration of black raisins extract against S. mutans and to assess whether the black raisins extract has antibacterial efficacy on S. mutans. Methods: In this in vitro study, compound isolatin of raisin extract was done using chloroform, hexane and methanol, prepared in Department of Pharmacology, Dayananda Sagar Institutions. Minimum inhibitory concentration of raisin extract was determined using optical density method. Evaluation of antibacterial activity was done using well diffusion method. Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration of raisin extract was observed at a concentra-tion of 125 µg/well at which an inhibition rate of 48.65% was observed. Minimum zone of inhibition of 16±0.0mm was observed at a concentration of 2.5 µg of raisins extract. Interpretation and conclusion: Raisins contain polyphenols, antioxidants, flavonoids and iron that may benefit overall human health. It has an MIC value of 125 µg/ml at which the rate of inhibition is 48.65%. The structural diversities and pronounced biological activities of compounds in raisins indicate that raisins are worthy of further studies that may lead to the identification of new functional constituents.
Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage in Class II Cavities Restored with Snow Plow Technique Using Different Flowable Composite Resins as Gingival Increment Followed by Packable Composite Resin Restorations – An In-Vitro Dye Extraction Study
To evaluate and compare microleakage in class II cavities restored with snow plow technique using two different flowable composite resins as gingival increment followed by packable composite resin restorations. Fifty sound first molars free of caries, cracks, decay and restorations were selected for this study. Class II mesio occlusal box preparations were made with the following dimensions, buccolingually-3mm, mesiodistally-2mm. The gingival margin was placed 1mm above CEJ. The test specimens were randomly divided into two groups for restoration. GROUP 1: Tetric N Flow bulk fill and Tetric N Ceram bulk fill co cured in snow plow technique. Group 2: SDR plus bulk fill and Tetric N Ceram bulk fill co cured in snow plow technique. Restored teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5° C and 55° C. The radicular apices of teeth were sealed the teeth were covered with nail varnish completely, except for 1-2 mm around the margins of restorations. The samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours, washed and processed for dye extraction. Sample absorbance value was read by UV visible spectrophotometer at 550 nm. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and Mann-Whitney U test. Results showed lower microleakage in SDR plus group (median of 0.0398) compared to Tetric N flow bulk fill group (median of 0.05890) and the difference between them was statistically significant. The present study concluded that SDR plus bulk fill restoration of class II cavities in snow plow technique showed lower microleakage compared to Tetric N flow bulk fill composite resin in snow plow technique.
A Comparative Clinical And Radiological Analysis To Correlate The Bone Density And Primary Implant Stability Using Cone Beam Computerized Tomography And Insertion Torque
Aim / objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the bone quality with density values obtained by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to determine the correlation between bone density and primary stability of implants using insertion torque values. Materials and methods: Twenty Root Form Implants were inserted into individuals with edentulous areas in upper and lower jaws in whom rehabilitation with implants was possible. The bone densities of implant recipient sites were preoperatively determined by the density value using CBCT. The maximum insertion torque value of each implant was recorded manually using a torque wrench with calibrations. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the correlations among density values and insertion torque values. Results: The density values in Hounsfield units ranged from 209.91 to 667.13Hu. The mean density value and insertion torque of all implants were 464.69 + 135.74 Hu and 49.0 + 8.20 Ncm respectively. There was a highly significant correlation statistically between bone density and insertion torque (rs 0.89, P< 0.001). Conclusion: The bone density evaluated by CBCT showed a high correlation with the primary stability of the implants (insertion torque). Therefore, the use of a CBCT pre-operatively may greatly help the implant surgeon in predicting the primary implant stability. Hence CBCT can be used as a predictor diagnostic tool for implant success.